{"id":465,"date":"2015-02-02T10:15:44","date_gmt":"2015-02-02T09:15:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/academy.pittmanseafoods.com\/?p=465"},"modified":"2015-02-02T10:15:44","modified_gmt":"2015-02-02T09:15:44","slug":"tac-et-quotas-un-instrument-complique-mais-necessaire","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/academy.pittmanseafoods.com\/fr\/2015\/02\/tac-et-quotas-un-instrument-complique-mais-necessaire\/","title":{"rendered":"TAC et quotas : un instrument compliqu\u00e9 mais n\u00e9cessaire"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pendant de nombreuses ann\u00e9es, les autorit\u00e9s ont tent\u00e9 de contr\u00f4ler l\u2019effort de p\u00eache \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019instruments de r\u00e9glementation. Ces m\u00e9canismes visent \u00e0 garantir la viabilit\u00e9 \u00e0 long terme des stocks et p\u00eacheries tout en maintenant l\u2019activit\u00e9 des p\u00eacheurs et d\u2019un grand nombre de secteurs directement li\u00e9s.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les quotas de p\u00eache constituent l\u2019un des instruments les plus largement utilis\u00e9s et efficaces \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard, au moyen duquel les autorit\u00e9s de r\u00e9gulation comp\u00e9tentes fixent un total admissible des captures (TAC) sp\u00e9cifique \u00e0 une esp\u00e8ce, habituellement exprim\u00e9 en termes de tonnage et sur une p\u00e9riode donn\u00e9e. Les TAC se fondent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement sur les tout derniers avis scientifiques disponibles.<\/p>\n

Les proportions du TAC, d\u00e9nomm\u00e9es \u00ab quotas \u00bb, sont ensuite g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement allou\u00e9es aux entreprises individuelles de p\u00eache. Dans de nombreux cas, ces quotas peuvent \u00e9galement \u00eatre \u00e9chang\u00e9s et lou\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

On estime que pr\u00e8s de 250 principales p\u00eacheries du monde entier ont d\u00e9sormais adopt\u00e9 une certaine forme de syst\u00e8me de quotas\/TAC.<\/p>\n

GESTION EUROP\u00c9ENNE & AM\u00c9RICAINE<\/strong><\/p>\n

En vertu de la politique commune de la p\u00eache (PCP) de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne (UE), le Conseil des ministres des p\u00eaches fixe la plupart des TAC tous les ans, ou tous les deux ans pour les stocks d\u2019eau profonde. Ces TAC sont ensuite r\u00e9partis entre les \u00c9tats membres sous la forme de quotas nationaux en utilisant le pourcentage fixe de quotas de chaque pays (ou la cl\u00e9 de \u00ab stabilit\u00e9 relative \u00bb). Chaque stock re\u00e7oit un quota diff\u00e9rent. Toutefois, les pays de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne peuvent s\u2019\u00e9changer leurs quotas entre eux.<\/p>\n

Chaque \u00c9tat membre est dans l\u2019obligation d\u2019utiliser des crit\u00e8res transparents et objectifs au moment de r\u00e9partir les quotas nationaux entre ses p\u00eacheurs. Les \u00c9tats sont \u00e9galement tenus de veiller \u00e0 ce que les quotas ne soient pas surexploit\u00e9s sur leur territoire et \u00e0 ce que l\u2019effort de p\u00eache soit interrompu lorsque le quota total applicable \u00e0 une esp\u00e8ce est \u00e9puis\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Aux \u00c9tats-Unis, la principale loi r\u00e9gissant la gestion des p\u00eacheries dans les eaux f\u00e9d\u00e9rales est la loi Magnuson-Stevens sur la conservation et la gestion des p\u00eacheries (MFCMA), commun\u00e9ment appel\u00e9e loi Magnuson-Stevens et portant le nom de Warren G Magnuson et Ted Stevens, anciens s\u00e9nateurs respectifs de l\u2019\u00c9tat de Washington et de l\u2019Alaska.<\/p>\n

En vertu de la MFCMA, huit conseils r\u00e9gionaux de gestion des p\u00eaches (RFMC) sont charg\u00e9s de pr\u00e9parer des plans de gestion des p\u00eaches (PGP) pour les p\u00eacheries n\u00e9cessitant une gestion au sein de leurs domaines de comp\u00e9tence. Ils fixent, entre autres, des limites \u00e0 la quantit\u00e9 de poissons pouvant \u00eatre p\u00each\u00e9s, au nombre de p\u00eacheurs pouvant participer \u00e0 une p\u00eacherie, et aux lieux o\u00f9, aux dates auxquelles et \u00e0 la fa\u00e7on dont le poisson peut \u00eatre captur\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Tout comme en Europe, ces limites se basent sur des niveaux d\u00e9termin\u00e9s par les halieutes en vue de garantir la bonne sant\u00e9 des stocks.<\/p>\n

AVANTAGES \u00c0 LONG TERME<\/strong><\/p>\n

En tant que fournisseur majeur de fruits de mer surgel\u00e9s, Pittman Seafoods s\u2019approvisionne grandement en esp\u00e8ces issues de la p\u00eache sauvage dans plusieurs des 27 \u00ab principales zones de p\u00eache \u00bb mises en place au niveau international par l\u2019organisation des Nations Unies pour l\u2019alimentation et l\u2019agriculture (FAO). La presque totalit\u00e9 de ces esp\u00e8ces sont soumises \u00e0 une certaine forme de syst\u00e8me de quotas.<\/p>\n

Par exemple, la plupart du colin d\u2019Alaska de Pittman (Theragra chalcogramma<\/em>), \u00e0 savoir le principal produit de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 en termes de volume, est captur\u00e9 dans la zone 61 (Nord-ouest Pacifique) et la zone 67 (Nord-est Pacifique). La p\u00eache du colin d\u2019Alaska, la plus grande source unique de poisson \u00e0 chair blanche au monde, devrait l\u00e9g\u00e8rement augmenter de 3 256 millions de tonnes m\u00e9triques en 2014 \u00e0 3 385 millions de tonnes m\u00e9triques en 2015. Les captures de colin aux \u00c9tats-Unis et au Canada devraient augmenter jusqu\u2019\u00e0 1,48 millions de tonnes m\u00e9triques en 2015, contre 1,43 millions de tonnes m\u00e9triques en 2014. En Russie, elles devraient \u00e9galement augmenter pour atteindre 1,62 millions de tonnes m\u00e9triques en 2015, tandis que celles du Japon resteront stables \u00e0 230 000 tonnes m\u00e9triques.<\/p>\n

Cette p\u00eache, ainsi que d\u2019autres, ont prouv\u00e9 que si l\u2019effort de p\u00eache est correctement contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par des syst\u00e8mes de quotas bien \u00e9tablis et ax\u00e9s sur la recherche scientifique, les stocks commerciaux de poissons sauvages peuvent alors prosp\u00e9rer, les p\u00eacheurs disposer d\u2019une viabilit\u00e9 \u00e0 plus long terme et les consommateurs finaux continuer \u00e0 savourer des fruits de mer durables de premi\u00e8re qualit\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pendant de nombreuses ann\u00e9es, les autorit\u00e9s ont tent\u00e9 de contr\u00f4ler l\u2019effort de p\u00eache \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019instruments de r\u00e9glementation. Ces m\u00e9canismes visent \u00e0 garantir la viabilit\u00e9 \u00e0 long terme des stocks et p\u00eacheries tout en maintenant l\u2019activit\u00e9 des p\u00eacheurs et d\u2019un grand nombre de secteurs directement li\u00e9s.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":461,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[186,184,185],"class_list":["post-465","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-geen-categorie-fr","tag-colin-dalaska","tag-quota-fr","tag-tac-fr"],"yoast_head":"\nTAC et quotas : un instrument compliqu\u00e9 mais n\u00e9cessaire - Pittman Seafoods<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/academy.pittmanseafoods.com\/fr\/2015\/02\/tac-et-quotas-un-instrument-complique-mais-necessaire\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"TAC et quotas : un instrument compliqu\u00e9 mais n\u00e9cessaire - Pittman Seafoods\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pendant de nombreuses ann\u00e9es, les autorit\u00e9s ont tent\u00e9 de contr\u00f4ler l\u2019effort de p\u00eache \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019instruments de r\u00e9glementation. 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